Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, İzmir
Abstract
This study, designed to seek a sustainable solution to the growing salinity problem caused by global climate change, the potential of microalgae priming to mitigate salt stress was investigated in vegetable species. In the experiment, the effects of different microalgae (Spirulina platensis) based priming doses (0, 5, 10, 20 mg L⁻¹) applied using the aerated column technique on the germination performance of celery, onion, and pepper seeds under salt stress (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 dS m⁻¹) were investigated. In order to evaluate the effect of priming on germination performance; germination rate, mean germination time and homogeneity coefficient were examined. Results showed that S. platensis based priming treatments on salt stress were found to be statistically significant on germination properties such as germination rate, average germination time, and uniformity coefficient. The data obtained revealed that the effectiveness of microalgae applications varied depending on the species, the amount of microalgae, and the salt concentration in the environment. Celery seeds showed a positive response to microalgae-primed germination characteristics at all salt levels, thereby significantly tolerating the adverse effects caused by salt stress. It was determined that a 5 mg L⁻¹ dose of microalgae applied to pepper seeds positively affected the germination time and increased germination uniformity under environmental conditions with high salt concentration (15 dS m⁻¹). In contrast, the application of microalgae did not have a sufficient effect on preserving the germination characteristics of onion seeds, which are among vegetable species with high salt sensitivity; an increase in salt concentration led to a negative impact on germination characteristics. The results demonstrated that S. platensis applications significantly improved germination performance of pepper and celery seeds under salt stress conditions
BOZDAĞ, A., & BOZOKALFA , M. K. (2026). Microalgae Based Priming Applications on Germination Characteristics of Celery Onion and Pepper Seeds Under Salt Stress. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(2), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19919342
📄Abdelhamed, A., Gendy, A., Abdelkader, M., 2025. Variation in growth and salt resistance index of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under foliar application of Spirulina extract and saline water irrigation stress. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 52: 285-293.
📄Acun, M., Bozokalfa, M. K., 2020. Mikroalg uygulamalarının salata (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) ve marul çeşitlerinin (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) verim ve kalite özelliklerine etkisi. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 57(4): 555-562.
📄Anonymous, 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistical Yearbook. https://openknowled ge.fao.org (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2025).
📄Biçer, İ., Daşgan, H. Y., 2024. Ispanak ve soğan tohumlarında priming uygulamalarının çimlenme ve çıkış performansları üzerine etkileri. Bahçe, 53(Özel Sayı 1): 69–73.
📄Bradford, K.J., 1990. A water relations analysis of seed germination rates. Plant Physiol, 94(2): 840-9.
📄Ceritoğlu, M., Erman, M., Çığ, F., Şahin, S., Acar, A., 2021. Bitki gelişimi ve stres toleransının geliştirilmesi üzerine sürdürülebilir bir strateji: priming tekniği. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 8(3) 374–389.
📄Chabili, A., Hakkoum, Z., Minaoui, F., Douma, M., Meddich, A., Loudiki, M., 2025. Germination screen of eco-extracts from soil cyanobacteria and microalgae for their biostimulant effects on wheat seeds emergence and vigor. Algal Research, 89: 104087.
📄Cheng, C., Liu, J., Wang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liao, Y., Gao, Z., Lu, Z., Zhu, B., Yao, F., 2022. Analysis of effect of compound salt stress on seed germination and salt tolerance analysis of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Visualized Experiments, 30(189).
📄Çirka, M., Tunçtürk, R., Kulaz, H., Tunçtürk, M., 2022. Effects of salt stress on some growth parameters and biochemical changes in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 21(3).
📄Çulha, Ş., Çakırlar, H., 2011. Tuzluluğun bitkiler üzerine etkileri ve tuz tolerans mekanizmaları. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2): 11-34.
📄Dearman, J., Brocklehurst, P.A., Drew, R.L.K., 1987. Effects of osmotic priming and ageing on the germination and emergence of carrot and leek seed. Annals of Applied Biology, 111: 717-722.
📄Demir, İ., Günay, A., 1994. Tohum kalitesindeki farklılıkların hıyar tohumlarının çimlenme, çıkış ve sonrası fide gelişimine etkisi. Bahçe, 23(1-2): 27-32.
📄Demir, İ., Ermiş, S., Mavi, K., Matthews, S., 2008. Mean germination time of pepper seed lots (Capsicum annuum L.) predicts size and uniformity of seedlings in germination tests and transplant modules. Seed Science and Technology, 36(1): 21-30.
📄Demir, N., Dural, B., Yıldırım, K., 2006. Effect of seaweed suspensions on seed germination of tomato, pepper and aubergine. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6: 1130-1133.
📄Demirkaya, M., 2010. Deniz yosunu (Ascophyllum nodosum) ekstraktı uygulamalarının biber ve soğan tohumlarının canlılığı ve gücüne etkileri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3): 217–224.
📄Demirkes, M., Duman, İ., 2021. Ekim öncesi bazı uygulamaların kereviz tohumlarının fide performansına etkileri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(Özel Sayı): 3363-3371.
📄Dere, S., 2021. Domateste (Solanum lycopersicum) farklı tuz konsantrasyonu ön uygulamalarının çimlenme ve fide gelişim parametrelerine etkileri. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(özel sayı): 3324-3335.
📄Di Filippo-Herrera, D., Hernández-Herrera, R.M., Ocampo-Alvarez, H., Sánchez-Hernández, C., Muñoz, M., Hernandez-Carmona, G., 2021. Seaweed liquid extracts induce hormetic growth responses in mung bean plants. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(2): 1263–1272.
📄Doğan, M., 2023. Bitki doku kültüründe tuz stresi uygulamaları. International Conference on Recent and Innovative Results in Engineering and Technology, 7–11.
📄Duman, İ., 2006. Effects of seed priming with peg or K3PO4 on germination and seedling growth in lettuce. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9: 923-928.
📄El Arroussi, H., Benhima, R., Elbaouchi, A., Sijilmassi, B., El Mernissi, N., Aafsar, A., Meftah-Kadmiri, I., Bendaou, N., Smouni, A., 2018. Dunaliella salina exopolysaccharides: a promising biostimulant for salt stress tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Journal of Applied Phycology, 30: 2929–2941.
📄Elkoca, E., 2011. Ozmo ve hidropriming uygulamalarının bezelye (Pisum sativum L. Cv. Winner) tohumlarının çimlenme performansı ve termal zaman ihtiyacı üzerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 3(1): 1-12.
📄Emiralioğlu, İ., Acar, R., 2022. Tohumculuk açısından priming uygulamalarının önemi. International Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research, 5(1): 20-36.
📄Gharib, F.A.E.L., Osama, K., Sattar, A.M.A.E., Ahmed, E.Z., 2024. Impact of Chlorella Vulgaris, Nannochloropsis salina, and Arthrospira platensis as bio-stimulants on common bean plant growth, yield and antioxidant capacity. Scientific Reports, 14: 1398.
📄Godlewska, K., Michalak, I., Tuhy, Ł., Chojnacka, K., 2016. Plant growth biostimulants based on different methods of seaweed extraction with water. Biomed Research İnternational, 5973760.
📄Guzmán-Murillo, M.A., Ascencio, F., Larrinaga-Mayoral, J.A., 2013. Germination and ros detoxification in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under nacl stress and treatment with microalgae extracts. Protoplasma, 250: 33–42.
📄Heydecker, W., Coolbaer, P., 1977. Seed treatments for improved performance survey and attempted prognosis. Seed Science Technology, 5: 353-425.
📄İbrahim E.A., 2016. Seed priming to alleviate salinity stress in germinating seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology, 192: 38–46.
📄Kader, Mohamad A., 2005. A comparison of seed germination calculation formulae and the associated interpretation of resulting data. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 138(3–4): 65-75.
📄Kahraman, N.D., Topal, A., 2024. Tuz stresine maruz kalan makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde tohum çimlenmesinin fizyolojik göstergelerindeki farklılıklar. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1): 148-157.
📄Khan, H.A., Ayub, C.M., Pervez, M.A., Bilal, R.M., Shahid, M.A., Ziaf, K., 2009. Effect of seed priming with naci on salinity tolerance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at seedling stage. Soil and Environment, 28(1): 81–87.
📄Kütük Y., 2016. Kimyasal gübre, yosun kompostu ve zeolitin fasulye verimi ve toprağın fizikokimyasal özellikleri üzerine kısa dönem etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Giresun Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Giresun.
📄Larsen, U., Andreasen, C., 2004. Light and heavy turfgrass seeds differ in germination percentage and mean germination thermal time, Crop Science, 44:1710-1720.
📄Leatherwood, W.R., Pharr, D.M., Dean, L.O., Williamson, J.D., 2007. Carbohydrate content and root growth in seeds germinated under salt stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 132(6): 876–882.
📄Miyamoto, S., 1989. Salt effects on germination, emergence, and seedling mortality of onion. Agronomy Journal, 81(2): 202-207.
📄Munns, R., Tester, M., 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651–681.
📄Mutale-Joan, C., Rachidi, F., Mohamed, H.A., El Mernissi, N., Aasfar, A., Barakate, M., Mohammed, D., Sbabou, L., El Arroussi H., 2021. Microalgae-cyanobacteria–based biostimulant effect on salinity tolerance mechanisms, nutrient uptake, and tomato plant growth under salt stress. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33: 3779–3795.
📄Nogueira, J.C., Dos Santos Gomes Calaça, J., Barbosa de Souza Gomes, C.V., Callou Menezes, L.E., Inácio Silva, J.R., Jardim, A.M.D.R.F., Pessoa, L.G.M., Barbosa da Silva, J.H., Freire da Silva, R., Dias, T.J., Barros Júnior, G., 2025. Freshwater algae biostimulant in mitigating ımpacts of saline ırrigation on onions. Plants, 14(10): 1559.
📄Önal Aşcı, Ö., Kaşko Arıcı, Y., Dede, Ö., 2025. Tuz stresinin çok yıllık çim (Lolium perenne L.) tohumlarında çimlenme ve fide gelişimine etkisi. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(2): 178-184.
📄Özdemir, S., Sukatar, A., Öztekin, G.B., 2016. Chlorella vulgaris üretimi ve sera organik domates yetiştiriciliğinde biyogübre olarak kullanımının etkileri. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(4): 596-605.
📄Pedersen, L.H., Jorgensen, P.E., Pulsen, I., 1993. Effect of seed vigor and dormancy on field emergence, development and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seed Science & Technology, 21(1): 159-178.
📄Rahmawati, F.A., Pratiwi, I.W., 2025. The potential of Spirulina platensis biostimulant as a seed priming agent to enhance the vigor and viability of cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus). Biology, Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry, 14(1): 129–141.
📄Ranal, M.A., Santana, D.G., 2006. How and why to measure the germination process? Brazilian Journal of Botany, 29: 1-11.
📄Santos, C.C., Ozório, J.P.A., Martins, L.O.M., 2024. Seed priming with Parachlorella microalgae mitigates the effect of salt stress on soybean. Research Square, 2-23.
📄Sevgi, B., Leblebici, S., 2023. Tuz stresinin bitkiler üzerindeki etkileri ve geliştirilen tolerans mekanizmaları. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 11: 1498–1516.
📄Soliman, W. S., 2014. Effect of saline water on germination and early growth stage of five Apiaceae species. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(7): 713-719.
📄Spurr, C.J., Fulton, D.A., Brown, P.H., Clark, R.J., 2002. Changes in seed yield and quality with maturity in onion, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 188: 275-280.
📄Szczepanek, M., Wszelaczyńska, E., Poberezny, J., Ochmian, I., 2017. Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to the method of seaweed biostimulant application. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum: Hortorum Cultus, 16: 113-122.
📄Tanne, I., 1989. Seed treatments to improve rate and uniformity of germination in celery seeds. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 102: 322–324.
📄Thinh, N.Q., 2021. Influences of seed priming with spirulina platensis extract on seed quality properties in black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, 63(1): 36-41.
📄Yıldırım, E., Güvenç, İ., 2005. Deniz yosunu özü uygulamalarının tuzlu koşullarda pırasada tohum çimlenmesi üzerine etkisi. Bahçe, 34(2): 83–87.